[Vertical distribution, damage and cultural control of Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) in avocado grove]. / Distribuição vertical, danos e controle cultural de Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) em pomar de abacate.

Stenoma catenifer Walsingham is the major pest in avocado groves (Persea americana Mill.) in the Neotropical region. Management has been difficult for many reasons related to the reduced knowledge on its bioecology and the avocado growing systems. The goal of this work was to study the vertical distribution of S. catenifer in avocado plants, the gagging effect of infested fruit on its survival, and the losses caused. The experiments were conducted in a commercial grove located at the São Tomás de Aquino, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, during the 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 growing season. S. catenifer was observed especially at the lower and central part of the plant, and the inner canopy was the least attacked in comparison with the north, south, east and west quadrants. These results may be important indicators for the use of am adequate sampling procedure. The highest percentage of attacked fruit had one to four larvae; in some cases up to eight individuals per fruit were found. The losses caused by the borer varied during the agricultural season, with figures close to 5% in a single evaluation, and the harvest loss may reach 27%. The bagging of infested fruit caused mortality of S. catenifer, as observed through the evaluation carried out four days later.

Distribuição vertical, danos e controle cultural de Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) em pomar de abacate / Vertical distribution, damage and cultural control of Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) in avocado grove

Stenoma catenifer Walsingham é a principal praga do abacateiro (Persea americana Mill.) na região Neotropical. O seu manejo tem sido dificultado por fatores relacionados à falta de conhecimento da sua bioecologia e aos sistemas de condução dos pomares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a distribuição vertical de S. catenifer em abacateiros, os danos ocasionados devido ao seu ataque e o efeito do ensacamento de frutos infestados, na sua sobrevivência. Os experimentos foram conduzidos num pomar comercial, situado no município de São Tomás de Aquino, MG, durante as safras agrícolas 2001/2002 e 2002/2003. A distribuição vertical de ataque de S. catenifer foi observada especialmente na altura inferior e média da planta, sendo que o interior da copa foi o local menos atacado quando comparado com os quadrantes norte, sul, leste e oeste. Esses resultados podem dar importante subsídio para amostragem da praga. A maior porcentagem dos frutos atacados possuía de uma a quatro lagartas, havendo casos em que foram encontrados até oito indivíduos por fruto. As perdas ocasionadas pela broca variaram ao longo do tempo, atingindo valores próximos de 5 por cento numa única avaliação, sendo que, a perda na safra alcançou 27 por cento. O ensacamento dos frutos infestados ocasionou a mortalidade das lagartas de S. catenifer, na avaliação realizada quatro dias depois.

Stenoma catenifer Walsingham is the major pest in avocado groves (Persea americana Mill.) in the Neotropical region. Management has been difficult for many reasons related to the reduced knowledge on its bioecology and the avocado growing systems. The goal of this work was to study the vertical distribution of S. catenifer in avocado plants, the gagging effect of infested fruit on its survival, and the losses caused. The experiments were conducted in a commercial grove located at the São Tomás de Aquino, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, during the 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 growing season. S. catenifer was observed especially at the lower and central part of the plant, and the inner canopy was the least attacked in comparison with the north, south, east and west quadrants. These results may be important indicators for the use of am adequate sampling procedure. The highest percentage of attacked fruit had one to four larvae; in some cases up to eight individuals per fruit were found. The losses caused by the borer varied during the agricultural season, with figures close to 5 percent in a single evaluation, and the harvest loss may reach 27 percent. The bagging of infested fruit caused mortality of S. catenifer, as observed through the evaluation carried out four days later.

Resíduos de tiametoxam, aldicarbe e de seus metabólitos em folhas de cafeeiro e efeito no controle de Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) / Residues of thiamethoxam, aldicarb and its metabolites in coffee leaves and effect on the Control of Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)

O bicho-mineiro Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville), uma das pragas mais importantes da cafeicultura brasileira, é controlado principalmente com inseticidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os resíduos e a translocação do inseticida tiametoxam em folhas de cafeeiros, bem como avaliar seu efeito no controle do bicho-mineiro, comparando-o com o aldicarbe, utilizado como padrão. Para isto, foi instalado um experimento no município de Garça, SP, no período de dezembro/2001 a agosto/2002. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: aldicarbe 150 G, nas doses de 2,25 e 4,50 g i.a./cova, tiametoxam 10 GR, nas doses de 0,15 e 0,30 g i.a./cova e testemunha (sem aplicação). Amostras de ramos foram colhidas em pré-contagem e aos 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 e 240 dias após a aplicação, em três alturas dos cafeeiros (terços inferior, médio e superior), avaliando-se a porcentagem de folhas minadas. As determinações de aldicarbe e seus metabólitos ativos, aldicarbe sulfoxido e sulfona, e os de tiametoxam foram feitas por cromatografia em fase gasosa usando-se detector de nitrogênio-fósforo e de espectrometria de massas, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram translocação uniforme de ambos inseticidas nos três terços das plantas de café, quando aplicados no solo. Foi constatada também, a maior persistência do tiametoxam, cujos resíduos foram encontrados até oito meses após a aplicação, enquanto os metabólitos sulfóxido e sulfona foram encontrados entre quatro e seis meses após a aplicação. Foi observado controle do bicho-mineiro pela aplicação de ambos inseticidas.

[Residues of thiamethoxam, aldicarb and its metabolites in coffee leaves and effect on the control of Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)]. / Residuos de tiametoxam, aldicarbe e de seus metabólitos em folhas de cafeeiro e efeito no controle de Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae).

The coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville), one of the major pests of coffee crops in Brazil, is mainly controlled with insecticides. The objective of this study was to evaluate the residues and the translocation of the insecticide thiamethoxam in coffee leaves, as well as to study its effect on the coffee leaf miner control, comparing it with aldicarb, used as standard. One experiment was set up in the county of Garça, SP from December/2001 to August/2002. The treatments used were: aldicarb 150 G at the rates of 2.25 and 4.50 g a.i./pit, thiamethoxam 10 GR, at the rates of 0.15 and 0.30 g a.i./pit and check. Twig samples were collected prior to and 30 , 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 days after the application, at three coffee plant heights (lower, middle and upper third), and the percentage of mined leaves was evaluated. The determination of aldicarb residues, including their sulphoxide and sulfone metabolites and of thiamethoxam were performed by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus and mass spectrometer detectors, respectively. The results indicated a uniform translocation of both insecticides in all three thirds of the coffee plants when applied to the soil. A higher persistence of thiamethoxam was verified with its residues being found for as far long as eight months following the application, while aldicarb residues, including the sulphoxide and sulfone metabolites, were found only until four to six months after the application. Control of the coffee leaf miner was observed with both insecticides.

Herança da resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a lambda-cialotrina / Inheritance of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Inheritance of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) was investigated in a strain of S. frugiperda showing an intensity of resistance of approximately 13-fold. Results from reciprocal crosses between susceptible (S) and resistant (R) strains of S. frugiperda to lambda-cyhalothrin revealed that resistance was autossomal and conferred by an incompletely recessive gene. Then, backcrosses of F1 progenies to the R strain were performed to determine the number of genes involved in the resistance. From interpretation of chi-square analysis of responses of progenies from backcrosses suggested that the resistance was conferred by a single major gene under a influence of some minor genes.

A herança da resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) ao piretróide lambda-cialotrina foi determinada para uma linhagem de S. frugiperda apresentando uma intensidade de resistência de aproximadamente 13 vezes. Resultados dos cruzamentos recíprocos entre as linhagens suscetível (S) e resistente (R) de S. frugiperda à lambda-cialotrina revelaram que a resistência era de caráter autossomal e incompletamente recessivo. Posteriormente, foram conduzidos retrocruzamentos da progênie F1 (heterozigota) com o parental resistente para determinar o números de genes envolvidos na resistência. Mediante análise do teste do qui-quadrado das respostas das progênies dos retrocruzamentos à lambda-cialotrina sugere-se que a resistência seja determinada por um gene principal sob a influência de genes secundários.